Friday, January 31, 2020
Justice or moral uprightness of human soul according to Plato Essay
Justice or moral uprightness of human soul according to Plato - Essay Example Conversely, Plato (through Socrates) makes the contention that justice and morality are not socially constructed entities, but instead exist objectively. In this instance, humans should adhere to justice and morality regardless of the consequences. This essay considers these points in relation to the Republic and presents my own position on the debate. From the very opening of the Republic Plato sets about establishing the notion of justice and considering why it should be followed. One of the first aspects that are addressed in terms of justice concerns its very nature. In Book I Cephalus argues that justice constitutes following the laws and legal regulations that are established. Socrates refutes this claim arguing instead that while it would be legal to supply a madman with a weapon that you had taken from him, it would not be morally just as this could cause problems. A series of arguments regarding the nature of justice then occur, wherein an individual raises a socially constr ucted aspect of justice that is then refuted by Socrates in various ways. For instance, Thrasymachus argues that justice doesn’t exist, but is merely the demonstration of the stronger person or entity’s will.... Even if one were to indicate as much, it’s clear that the individuals in the society embrace their concept of justice. In these regards, it appears that in large part Socrates does not go far enough in considering the culturally conditioned aspects of justice, such as religion, or other socially constructed elements. In Book II of the Republic the consideration of justice is continued. At the beginning of this chapter justice is presented as a socially constructed aspect of society that must exist because of human wrongdoings. One notes that this understanding is contrary to Socrates previous presentation of justice as it reflects an understanding of justice that is only followed because it is advantageous for humans to do so. Within this mode of understanding, Glaucon proposes a story of a ring. He states, Suppose now that there were two such magic rings, and the just put on one of them and the unjust the other;,no man can be imagined to be of such an iron nature that he woul d stand fast in justice. No man would keep his hands off what was not his own when he could safely take what he liked out of the market, or go into houses and lie with any one at his pleasure, or kill or release from prison (Plato). In this scenario the ring would allow the individual to avoid punishment for being unjust. While Socrates later makes efforts to refute this theory, in large part one notes that a significant segment of society understands justice within this form of social contract. One also considers the earlier argument that justice is in large-part determined by the dominant party. In light of the current democratic structure of contemporary society and the means of establishing justice through
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Medical Research :: essays research papers
     Medical Research Outline I. Introduction      Beep! Beep! Beep! The heart monitor beeps every time his heart does the boys face is unemotional to him its already over. As he sleeps next to him are all his family members many speechless and most in tears as they watch the 13 year old boy’s last moments. Hooked up to a breathing machine because his lungs are now useless he struggles for each breath; and yet it still monitor still†¦beeps†¦ beep †¦ but, all of a sudden without notice the beeps begin to come closer and closer together and then louder to where you here it down the hallway. The beeps become increasingly so close that its almost one perpetual sound and then without notice it becomes one. The monitor’s green line that at one point in time was bouncing is now a steady flat line†¦Another life lost to cancer, what a shame. Medical research is essential to our way of life everyday people just as the one that I described to you moments ago will lose their lives not just ca use of cancer but because other afflictions such as AIDS, or as diabetes. II. Medical Research saves lives A. For example, vaccines for diseases are found only due to research 1. John F. Enders found vaccine for polio in 1954 2. Since polio vaccinations outbreaks declined from 57,879 to just a few each year B. In addition, the American virologist Albert Sabin developed the oral vaccine      1. The trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) was licensed in 1960      2. (TOPV) replaced the Salk injectable vaccine as the standard immunizing agent      in the United States. C. Furthermore, viruses like yellow fever have almost been wiped out      1. Walter Reed found that yellow fever is transmitted through mosquitoes      2. Through sanitation yellow fever was virtually exterminated since 1901 D. Due to research like this viruses such as these will hopefully never comeback III. Some diseases can be more easily cured or eradicated A. For example, Alice C. Evans discovered that raw cow milk has a deadly disease      called bacillus’s.      1. Now all milk intended for human consumption has to be pasteurized B. In addition, Rene J. Dubos French-born American bacteriologist      1. Noted for his major contribution to antibiotics      2. He also developed penicillin and other antibiotics like streptomycin and      tetracycline’s. C. Furthermore, scientist Ferdinand Cohn      1. Discovered the nature and principal of bacterial spores      2. One of his most famous findings is that of anthrax D.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Avianca Flight 52: a Case Study on Human Error
Relevant facts/ Background Avianca Flight 52 touched the ground for a final time on January 25 1990, 16 miles from JFK airport in Cove Neck, Long Island, N. Y. , completely out of fuel. The Boeing 707-321B was carrying 158 people coming from Medellin, Columbia, in which 85 people survived. The crash of Avianca Flight 52 was the largest rescue operation in New York prior to 9/11. There was a severe blizzard on the north-east coast of the U. S. causing bad weather with a low pressure system and wind shear.JFK airport authorities had been told to keep a higher landing rate than safe at 33 planes attempting to land per hour, on one runway – the typical rate being 52 in good weather, with all runways open. The airport was experiencing a rate of 27% missed approaches, with 39 planes waiting in holding patterns for clearance to land and dozens waiting to take-off. Sequence of events The 707 had been placed in holding patterns for a total of 1 hour and 17 minutes during three separate occasions over the U. S. east coast.There were 6 different air traffic controllers that had communicated directions to Flight 52 after they entered U. S. airspace, adding confusion and un-transmitted messages, yet at the same time not providing any more crucial information such as weather conditions. The Flight Engineer failed to communicate the urgency of the low fuel situation to the pilot and co-pilot after they passed the point of no return and had to remain committed to JFK –by not having enough fuel to get to their alternate airport at Boston, 342km away from JFK.He also failed to emphasize the importance of landing in their first attempt because they would not have enough fuel to loop around and try again. Another discrepancy was how the co-pilot used the words â€Å"Low Fuel†and â€Å"Priority†rather than â€Å"MAYDAY†and â€Å"Minimum Fuel†while communicating to ATCs. There was a lot of crucial information left out or misinterpreted a nd not so important information repeated, which could have easily been avoided without the language barriers in place.In terms of the Swiss Cheese model there were many holes in the conversations between ATCs and the flight crew, similarly between the flight crew and passengers, where they weren’t even given a warning. Causes and factors During the chase to point the blame on someone, Avianca stated to investigators that the phraseology used by their pilots was correct as per their training -whether it matched the standard English phraseology used by IATA countries or not they were only following what they thought to be proper protocol.Investigation by the NTSB found many holes in the events leading up to the crash, due to both active and latent failures by the crew, ATCs, and airport management. The leading causes can be attributed to airport mismanagement, inconsistent training for pilots that should have English proficiency, and overall poor communication between ATCs and the flight crew. Repetitive flaws in a system run by human beings shows a clear link in the lack of Risk Management, causing communication gaps referred to as holes in the Swiss Cheese model for human error.CRM stipulates training crew in assertiveness, inter-personal communication, leadership and decision-making, to name a few key attributes these pilots were in need of addressing prior to the incident. There was no problem of experience as both the pilot and co-pilot had flown that route before, and the pilot had 27 years of experience flying for Avianca. The implementation of Crew Resource Management techniques in the previous years must not have been as streamlined as intended, at least not for the American ATCs and those training under Avianca in Columbia.If one lesson would be learned from this it would be that had the crew received effective and efficient CRM training on time, they could have saved 73 people from an almost completely preventable death by human error. Referenc es AskCaptainLim. com {comments}. Aviation, Air Crash. Avianca flight 52: why the pilots failed to use proper phraseology. (Last updated October 19, 2008). Retrieved from: http://www. askcaptainlim. com/-air-crash-aviation-34/830-avianca-flight-52-why-the-pilots-failed-to-use-the-proper-phraseology. html Cushman Jr. , John H.New York Times, Archives, Collections, Fuel. Avianca flight 52: the delays that ended in disaster. (February 5, 1990). Retrieved from: http://www. nytimes. com/1990/02/05/nyregion/avianca-flight-52-the-delays-that-ended-in-disaster. html? pagewanted=all&src=pm National Geographic, Cineflix Productions. Air Crash Investigation series, Episode S02E05 – Missing Over New York. Retrieved from http://natgeotv. com/ca/air-crash-investigation/videos/deadly-delay Wikipedia. org, Avianca Flight 52. (Last updated March 22, 2013). Retrieved from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Avianca_Flight_52
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Kate Chopin s Literary Creativity And Women s Independence
Kate Chopin has become one of the most influential feminist writers of the century. From Chopin’s literary rejection of The Awakening, the rejection sparked a fire in Chopin’s feminist side. Chopin began writing short stories that would become society’s lead in literary creativity and women’s independence. Kate Chopin’s biography is astonishingly intriguing and the importance Chopin plays to the feminist literature genre is exceptional. Critics either rave Chopin’s work or completely destroy it. Kate Chopin, born Katherine O Flaherty in St. Louis, Missouri on February 8, 1850, is considered one of the first feminist authors of the 20th century. Chopin s writing career began after her husband died on their Louisiana plantation in 1882 and began struggling financially. After Chopin’s failed attempt to save her deceased husbands business and plantation, Chopin’s mother convinced Kate to move back to St. Louis, but died shortly thereafter leaving Kate alone. Suffering from the loss of her husband and mother, Chopin advised by her obstetrician and family friend to fight her state of depression by taking up writing as a source of corrective healing, a way to help/control her depression and as well provide Chopin with a source of income. Chopin decided to listen to her friend and took the advice to heart. By the early 1890s, Kate Chopin was writing short stories, articles, and translations that appeared in periodicals and literary magazines regionally based in St. Lo uis.Show MoreRelatedAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words  | 6 PagesApril 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, which are with few exceptions also strong women as well, she cemented herself as aRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And The Awakening2567 Words  | 11 PagesMorgan Roney Doctor Laura Buchholz April 14, 2015 ENG 112L Final Paper This paper will examine the life of Kate Chopin along with her writing style and theme in The Story of an Hour and The Awakening. Chopin has a unique writing style that shows throughout all of her works. Her works carry similar themes that include: women in search of independence, negative views of marriage, and self-assertion. While reading Chopin’s work, the reader will conclude that Chopin’s writing is very inspiring becauseRead MoreResearch Paper on Kate Chopin and Her Works2380 Words  | 10 Pages Kate Chopin is best known for her novel, The Awakening, published in 1899. After its publication, The Awakening created such uproar that its author was alienated from certain social circles in St. Louis. The novel also contributed to rejections of Chopins later stories including, The Story of An Hour and The Storm. The heavy criticism that she endured for the novel hindered her writing. The male dominated world was simply not ready for such an honest exploration of fe male independence, a frankRead MoreMajor Works Data Sheet: the Awakening by Kate Chopin1444 Words  | 6 Pages | |Author: Kate Chopin Year of publication: 1899 | | | | | |What are the time and place(s) in which story is set
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